Electromagnetic Bombs

Electromagnetic Bombs Free Online Research Papers Dynamic Electromagnetic Pulse age innovation has developed to where Electromagnetic bombs are getting in fact doable, with utilizes fighting. The improvement of these weapons permits there use in a nonnuclear way. Presentation For a triumph full war against an industrialized or post-modern rival will require nonnuclear weapons. .These weapons will assume a significant job in devastating the adversary. The proficient execution of battle against an advanced mechanical or post-modern rival will require the utilization of apparatuses intended to obliterate data frameworks. Electromagnetic bombs worked for this reason can give an extremely compelling apparatus to this reason. THE EMP EFFECT The Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) impact was first seen during the early testing of high elevation airburst atomic weapons The impact is described by the creation of an exceptionally short (many nanoseconds) yet serious electromagnetic heartbeat, which proliferates away from its source with regularly reducing force, administered by the hypothesis of electromagnetism. The Electromagnetic Pulse is in actuality an electromagnetic stun wave. This beat of vitality delivers an incredible electromagnetic field, especially inside the region of the weapon burst. The field can be adequately solid to deliver short transient voltages of thousands of Volts on uncovered electrical conduits, for example, wires, or conductive tracks on printed circuit sheets, where uncovered. It is this part of the EMP impact which is of military centrality, as it can bring about irreversible harm to a wide scope of electrical and electronic hardware, especially PCs and radio or radar recipients. Subject to the electromagnetic hardness of the hardware, a proportion of the types of gear flexibility with this impact, and the force of the field created by the weapon, the hardware can be irreversibly harmed or as a result electrically crushed. The harm exacted isn't not normal for that accomplished through presentation to closeness lightning strikes, and may require total substitution of the hardware, or if nothing else considerable segments thereof. Business PC gear is especially defenseless against EMP impacts, as it is generally developed of high-thickness Metal Oxide Semiconductor gadgets, which are touchy to introduction to high voltage drifters. What is huge about MOS gadgets is that almost no vitality is required to for all time wound or devastate them, any voltage is ordinarily more than several Volts can create an impact named door breakdown which adequately demolishes the gadget. Regardless of whether the beat isn't incredible enough to create warm harm, the force gracefully in the hardware will promptly flexibly enough vitality to finish the ruinous procedure. Injured gadgets may at present capacity, however their dependability will be truly hindered. Protecting hardware by gear skeleton gives just constrained insurance, as any links running all through the hardware will carry on especially like recieving wires, as a result directing the high voltage homeless people into the gear. PCs utilized in information handling frameworks, interchanges frameworks, shows, modern control applications, including street and rail flagging, and those inserted in military hardware, for example, signal processors, electronic flight controls and advanced motor control frameworks, are for the most part possibly helpless against the EMP impact. Media transmission hardware can be exceptionally helpless, because of the nearness of extensive copper links between gadgets. Beneficiaries of all assortments are especially touchy to EMP, as the profoundly delicate scaled down high-recurrence transistors and diodes in such hardware are handily wrecked by introduction to high voltage electrical homeless people. Along these lines radar and electronic fighting hardware, satellite, microwave, UHF, VHF, HF, and low band interchanges gear and TV gear are on the whole possibly helpless against the EMP impact. It is huge that advanced military stages are thickly stuffed with electronic gear, and except if these stages are very much solidified, an EMP gadget can generously lessen their capacity. THE TECHNOLOGY ELECTROMAGNETIC BOMBS Key advancements which are utilized for making such weapons are Flux Compression Generators (FCG), or Magneto-Hydrodynamic (MHD) generators and a scope of HPM gadgets, the premier of which is the Virtual Cathode Oscillator. A scope of trial structures has been tried in these innovation territories. Motion COMPRESSION GENERATORS FCG is the most probable innovation pertinent to bomb structures. The FCG was first exhibited by at Los Alamos National Laboratories in the late fifties. Since that time a wide scope of FCG designs has been fabricated and tried, both in the US and the USSR. The FCG is a gadget equipped for creating electrical energies of many MegaJoules in tens to several microseconds of time, in a generally minimized bundle. With top force levels of the request for Terawatts to several Terawatts, FCGs might be utilized legitimately, or as one-shot heartbeat power supplies for microwave tubes. This implies the current delivered by an enormous FCG is between ten to a thousand times more noteworthy than that created by a normal lightning stroke. The focal thought behind the development of FCGs is that of utilizing a quick unstable to quickly pack an attractive field, moving a lot of vitality from the hazardous into the attractive field. The underlying attractive field in the FCG before unstable commencement is created by a beginning current. The beginning current is provided by an outside source, such a high voltage capacitor. On a basic level, any gadget fit for delivering a beat of electrical flow of the request for several kilo Amperes to Mega Amperes will be appropriate. The most usually utilized course of action is a coaxial FCG. It is basically barrel shaped structure. In a regular coaxial FCG , a round and hollow copper tube shapes the armature. This cylinder is loaded up with quick high vitality hazardous. The armature is encircled by a helical curl of substantial wire, normally copper, which frames the FCG stator. The stator twisting is in certain plans part into portions, with wires bifurcating at the limits of the sections, to upgrade the electromagnetic inductance of the armature loop. The exceptional attractive powers delivered during the activity of the FCG might make the gadget break down rashly if not managed. This is commonly cultivated by the expansion of a basic coat of a non-attractive material. Materials, for example, cement or Fiberglass in an Epoxy network have been utilized. On a fundamental level, any material with reasonable electrical and mechanical properties could be utilized. It is run of the mill that the unstable is started when the beginning current pinnacles. This is normally practiced with a touchy focal point plane wave generator which delivers a uniform plane wave explosion in the hazardous. Once started, the front spreads through the hazardous in the armature, mutilating it into a conelike shape Where the armature has extended to the full distance across of the stator, it frames a short out between the closures of the stator loop, shorting and consequently confining the beginning current source and catching the current inside the gadget. The engendering short has the impact of compacting the attractive field, while diminishing the inductance of the stator winding. The outcome is that such generators will create an inclining current heartbeat, which tops before the last breaking down of the gadget. The current duplication (for example proportion of yield current to begin current) accomplished fluctuates with structures, however numbers as high as 60 have been exhibited the littlest conceivable beginning current source is attractive. These applications can misuse falling of FCGs, where a little FCG is utilized to prime a bigger FCG with a beginning current. The central specialized issues in adjusting the FCG to weapons applications lie in bundling, the flexibly of start current, and coordinating the gadget to the planned burden. Interfacing to a heap is improved by the coaxial geometry of coaxial and cone shaped FCG structures. Fundamentally, this geometry is advantageous for weapons applications, where FCGs might be stacked pivotally with gadgets such a microwave Vircators. The requests of a heap, for example, a Vircator, as far as waveform shape and timing, can be fulfilled by embeddings beat molding systems, transformers, and unstable high current switches. MHD GENERATORS The plan of a Magneto-Hydrodynamic generator is a significantly less full grown craftsmanship than that of FCG structure. Specialized issues, for example, the size and weight of attractive field creating gadgets required for the activity of MHD generators propose that MHD gadgets will assume a minor job later on their latent capacity, notwithstanding, lies in regions, for example, beginning current age for FCG gadgets. The key standard behind the structure of MHD gadgets is that a conveyor traveling through an attractive field will create an electrical flow transverse to the bearing of the field and the conduit movement. In a touchy or charge driven MHD gadget, the conductor is plasma of ionized dangerous or fuel gas, which goes through the attractive field. Current is gathered by terminals which are in contact with the plasma stream. The electrical properties of the plasma are improved by seeding the touchy or charge with reasonable added substances, which ionize during the consume. Cartridges of the fuel can be stacked a lot of like ordnance adjusts, for numerous shot activities. THE POWER OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WARHEADS The issue of electromagnetic weapon power is mind boggling .hile the figuring of electromagnetic field qualities reachable at a given sweep for a given gadget configuration is a clear undertaking, deciding an execute likelihood for a given class of focus under such conditions isn't. This is for valid justifications. The first is that target types are differing in their electromagnetic hardness, or

Enhlish Critical Lens Essay Example for Free

Enhlish Critical Lens Essay As indicated by Patrick Ness, â€Å"It’s not how you fall, it’s how you get back up again†. As such, life is brimming with hindrances and difficulties. Be that as it may, what is most significant is to drive forward, and I resistant concur with this announcement. Two scholarly works that help this announcement are â€Å"Mother to Son† by Langston Hughes, and The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros. In the sonnet â€Å"Mother to Son†, the speaker concedes that her life has been troublesome, yet regardless of the difficulties, she doesn't surrender. She utilizes an all-inclusive analogy to depict to her child, how despite the fact that her life has been hard, she despite everything proceeds onward. The similitude depicts her troublesome life to be a run down flight of stairs. The occasions are allegorically depicted as the â€Å"splinters, barricades torn, no floor covering, bare†. In spite of these issues the mother urges her child to continue moving, as she has done as long as she can remember. In the novel, The House on Mango Street, Esperanza experiences childhood in a poor neighborhood however won't be constrained by her environmental factors. She utilizes scholarly components to depict how unpleasant her place of living is and how she conquers the will to surrender. The setting in witch she is encircled by is depicted as being poor, isolated, unwelcoming and outright whipped. For instance when Esperanza says in the scholarly work, â€Å"The House on Mango Street is little and red with tight strides in front and the windows so little you’d think they were holding their breath† just depicts somewhat how awful she thinks about her home. Yet, despite the fact that she abhors her environmental factors she is confronted with a contention. Esperanza, versus nature. She loathes her setting, however yet still needs to continue on. In both the novel, The House on Mango Street, and the sonnet â€Å"Mother to Son†, the storytellers are confronted with battle and difficulty. A mother attempting to shut out the cynicism in her children head, to permit him to continue on, and a youthful grown-up attempting to comprehend that despite the fact that occasions can be unpleasant, she can in any case proceed onward, and still endure.

Lamassu Essay Example

Lamassu Essay Lamassu is a Neo-Assyrian Akkadian term used to assign a composite animal, imagined as a winged lion-or bull-figure with a human head. As defensive divinities or genii, overwhelming size sculpture squares of lamassi (pl.) were set on either side generally Assyrian royal residence entryways and passageways so as to make preparations for the section of detestable and disorderly powers. All things considered, they are normal for this late stage in the advancement of Assyrian workmanship (Neo-or Late Assyrian) when mold in the round was in any case uncommon, contrasted with prior periods. Lamassi in sculptural structure are generally portrayed as twofold perspective figures, clearly having five (5) separate legs (when seen from a sideways edge). This takes into consideration two synchronous delineations: 1. standing watchman, when seen from the front; 2. striding forward, when seen from the side. The half breed or composite iconography is capably reminiscent of solidarity (collection of lion bull), speed (a birds wings) and insight (human head). Each solid colussus was cut incompletely in alleviation and somewhat in the round from a solitary square of stone, matching 5.50 m2 in size. At first cut generally in the quarry, every sculpture square was shipped to its last area (frequently by stream), where it would be set up and be exposed to fine cutting. The Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art covers both a long sequential range and an immense topographical territory. The assortment of in excess of 7,000 centerpieces goes in date from 8000 B.C. (the Neolithic time frame) to the Arab success and ascent of Islam starting in A.D. 651. The works originate from old Mesopotamia, Iran, Syria, Anatolia, and different grounds in the locale that reaches out from the Black and Caspian Seas in the north toward the southwestern Arabian promontory, and from western Turkey on the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus River Valley in current Pakistan and India. Social orders all through the old Near East mai

Huckleberry Finn and Pride and Prejudice, Fathers Essay Example For Students

Huckleberry Finn and Pride and Prejudice, Fathers Essay Mr. Bennet and Pap as fathers. Creators have a lot of knowledge into people conduct and thought. Jane Austin in Pride and Prejudice and Mark Twain in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn express plain and striking perspectives about socialized society. Depicting characters with overstated negative highlights they bring to consideration some of keeps an eye on frequently disguised inadequacies and indecencies. Heroes of the two books have fathers who bombed in their essential parental duties. Jane Austins Mr. Bennet is a clever, amiable and taught nation respectable man. He neglects to give a safe monetary future to his little girls He sees no compelling reason to set aside cash for future since he is anticipating a child. Therefore, he has 5 little girls with no adequate endowment. He is additionally a baffled man who has no joy in marriage and who treats his stupid spouse and more youthful girls as objects of diversion. He knows about how much his better half and more youthful girls bargain themselves in organizati on, however as opposed to attempting to correct them he takes to watching their habits as a sort of game. He appears to appreciate seeing individuals deride themselves before others. His flaw, in any case, is that he never understood that by permitting himself to just be oblivious to and interested with their weaknesses, he has by implication energized and fortified their conduct. His reluctance to control Lydias inappropriate conduct nearly lead to disrespect of his family. It is just due to Darcys help that Bennets evade it. At the point when Lydia flees with Wickham he understands that he was excessively imprudent in childhood of his little girls. Anyway his contrition doesnt last He says to Elizabeth, Let me once in my life feel the amount I have been to blame.It will die soon enough. What's more, he does recoups soon and turns into his standard self. Pap isn't a dad hes a wreck. Hes a shameless, egotistical and uninformed boozer who is benefiting from good cause and uses his ch ild. He meanders from town to town, asking and drinking, and now and again flies once again into Hucks life to ask cash and to chasten him. Pap sets a repulsive model for Huck through drinking, swearing and smoking. He unquestionably doesn't accommodate his child or even consideration about him. He is basically an individual who likes to have authority over someone else and utilizes it for his own narrow minded addition. He sees Huck just as a property and just needs to be in control of this property. Hes Hucks father just organically. Fathers don't seize their youngsters and lock them in the lodge for 3 days. Additionally, fathers don't manhandle their kids inwardly, genuinely or intellectually. In any case, Pap does. Huck says, But before long pap got excessively convenient with his hickry, and I couldnt stand it. I was all over welts. He got to leaving so a lot, as well, and securing me. He doesn't have any morals, ethics or commendable characteristics and, along these lines, can not show his young child anything great. All things considered, Pap teaches Huck exercises, however not in the caring way a dad should. He shows Huck what not to be. Huck realizes what he needs to be in life by observing what he doesnt need to turn into. Huck discovers that whatever his dad does is typically off-base and unlawful. From Pap Huck figures out how to take and to lie. The thing that matters is that not normal for his dad who lies in anticipation of individual addition, Huck deceives help other people or to escape a troublesome circumstance. Huck generally thinks about himself. Fortunately, Huck is a decent and kind child essentially. He tunes in to his heart and with direction of Jim, who becomes like a dad to him, Huck learns love, regard and qualities throughout everyday life. .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995 , .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995 .postImageUrl , .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995 , .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995:hover , .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995:visited , .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995:active { border:0!important; } .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995:active , .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995:hover { darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0b8685dbdf48 e6bd17f0b58f26608995 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0b8685dbdf48e6bd17f0b58f26608995:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Metamorphosis and Ethan Frome Essay It is outrageous to analogize Mr. Bennet and Pap. Mr. Bennet cherishes and thinks about his little girls. He is an individual while Pap is a parasite of society.

Financial Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Money related - Research Paper Example In spite of the fact that the first focal point of Microsoft was on PC improvement, it later changed its endeavors towards the more productive business side of programming and application advancement. By 1981 Microsoft had made the exceptionally effective MS-DOS working framework which it effectively authorized to IBM and came packaged with every one of their PCs. In 1985 his new GUI (Graphic User Interface) Windows 1.0 working framework was uncovered which Gates saw as the fate of individualized computing, yet IBM officials didn't have a similar vision. In opposition to IBMs conviction, Windows and its GUI interface turned into the accepted standard for every single PC later on. Microsoft as an organization before long made emotional progress and development by turning into an operational framework and individual profitability applications engineer showcasing mammoth (Windows, 2012). Microsoft as an organization is fixated on its client driven crucial â€Å"Enabling individuals and organizations all through the world to understand their maximum capacity by making innovation that changes the manner in which individuals work, play, and communicate.† The organization is centered around creating, fabricating, permitting and giving client care to its fluctuated programming and equipment items. A portion of the significant programming classifications that Microsoft contends in will be in working frameworks, business arrangements programming applications, server applications, superior registering and programming improvement devices, work area and server the executives apparatuses, computer games, distributed computing and internet publicizing. Microsoft additionally creates and advertises equipment items for amusement, for example, the Xbox 360 comfort and extras, an intelligent diversion support and other Microsoft equipment. The organization additionally gives arrangements and item bolster administrations, counseling, preparing and affirmation to IT experts and PC framework engineers and integrators. Microsofts organization structure has a worldwide reach, with

How to Be Optimistic When the World Around You Isnt

How to Be Optimistic When the World Around You Isnt Happiness Print Being Optimistic When the World Around You Isnt Its possible to look on the bright side even when no one else is By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on November 22, 2019  Eva Bee / Ikon Images / Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All Sometimes, it’s hard to be happy when you think about what’s going on in the world. It’s harder still when the people around you constantly complain about all those things that are happening. That doesn’t mean that you have to join ranks with the pessimists, though. In fact, it means it’s more important than ever to look on the bright side as much as possible. Benefits of Being Optimistic Choosing to be optimistic offers surprising benefits. A study from the University of Pittsburgh concluded that women who had an optimistic outlook had a 30 percent lower risk of heart disease. A University of Michigan study linked optimism to a lower risk of stroke. Additionally, research published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal found that optimists are less likely to experience disabilities as they get older and end up living longer than pessimists. Optimism Is a Choice If you think you’re a natural-born pessimist and there’s no way you can turn your mindset around, think againâ€"research published in the Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry compared two groups of people to test their thinking patterns. The first group completed a 5-minute exercise that involved thinking positive thoughts about their future, while the second group just went about their daily lives without making effort to think optimistically. The first group significantly increased their optimism over the two-week period, with many of them feeling more optimistic after just one day. If you want to become a more optimistic personâ€"despite the negativity surrounding youâ€"then you can take measures to think positively and spread that optimistic outlook to those around you. Decide to Be Optimistic You have choices in your life. You can spend the day cleaning or spend the day reading. You can go out to dinner or cook at home. You can have coffee with that long-lost friend or you can blow them off. And, finally, you can decide to be positive or you can just go on living like you are. Being an optimistic person in a negative world begins with the decision to be positive and choosing to live that life every single day. Avoid Positive Energy Vampires You might refer to them as “whiners” or even “toxic,” but however you refer to them, pessimists suck the positive energy out of the room. These people think the world revolves around them, and they often lack any sense of empathy for others. It’s important to establish healthy boundaries with people who chronically choose to stay stuck in their own misery. That may mean having to say things to a friend like, “I notice every time I offer you an idea about how you could make your situation better, you insist nothing will work. I am not sure I’m able to help.” It may also mean distancing yourself a bit from a relative who insists on sharing his latest predictions about the end of the world. Limit your media intake as well. Watching too many tragic stories on the news or consuming too much political news on social media can decrease your ability to maintain a “glass half full” outlook. Recognize Your Negative Thoughts It’s OK to acknowledge that bad things might happen. After all, ignoring reality isn’t helpful. In fact, being realistic could be the key to doing your best. If you’re excessively positive about an upcoming interview, you might not spend any time preparing because you’re confident you’ll land the job. If however, you have an exaggeratedly negative outlook, you might sabotage your chances of getting hired. Thinking, “No one will ever hire me,” will cause you to look and feel defeated when you walk into the interview room. Your lack of confidence may be the reason you don’t get hired. A healthy outlook would be to remind yourself that all you can do is your best and you’ll be OK, regardless of the outcome. Being optimistic helps you believe that brighter opportunities are on the horizon and you’re able to put in the effort to earn those opportunities. When you’re thinking negatively, take a moment to assess how realistic your thoughts truly are. Reframing your exaggeratedly negative thoughts into more realistic statements can help you maintain a healthy dose of optimism. Bestow Positivity on Others While it’s not your job to make everyone happy, it doesn’t hurt to perk up someone’s day. Once a day, share positive feedback with someone. At work, compliment someone about a good question raised in an email or salient points that they brought up in an important meeting. At home, praise your child for how hard they worked on their math homework. Or, tell your partner how much you appreciate them. Making other people feel positive has lasting effects on your own life. With that, don’t forget to bestow positivity on yourself. Before bed, think about what you did during the day. Even if it was a generally lackluster day, there’s bound to be something you can praise yourself for, whether it was keeping your cool when a driver cuts you off or wrapping up a project that has really been a challenge for you. Imagine a Positive Future It sounds kitschy, but writing down your ideas of an optimistic future can truly make a difference when it comes to your overall outlook. If you need a primer, here’s what to do: Spend 20 minutes on four consecutive days on writing down what you want to happen tomorrow, next week, next month and next yearâ€"feel free to dream big. You can also consider a serious challenge you have in your life right now and think about possible positive outcomes. Practice Gratitude Thinking about all the things you have to be grateful for, from warm sunshine to clean water, can give you an instant boost of optimism. You might even decide to keep a gratitude journal, in which you write down everything that makes you crack a smile during the day. If nothing else, take a moment to stop, smile and be grateful for the good things in your life. Savor the moments that make it possible for you to have a good life. It’s hard to be optimistic without feeling gratitude toward those that helped you get to that happy place. While thinking about how grateful you are is helpful, sharing your gratitude with others provides added benefits. You’ll spread a bit of joy and cheer when you tell others how much you appreciate them. Write a letter to someone who made a positive impact on your life, whether it’s a teacher, a former boss or even your mom. If possible, deliver that letter in person.

Teaching Writing Structure and Style - Unit 3 Overview and Tips

Watch this video by Andrew Pudewa on Unit 3 For an explanation by Andrew Pudewa on how to use Unit 3 and some tips for teaching, read on... One of our users asked this question: What is the "point" of this Unit 3? Some kids just hate the narrative, and parents struggle with whether or not it is necessary to cover this unit with them. Could you give an explanation of the value or importance of this unit? Andrew’s Response: This is, in fact a very interesting question, as I myself used to question the value of it. However, in continuing to teach Dr. Webster's syllabus, I now realize  much more clearly  the profound importance of the fiction parts of this program. As you are aware, the nine structural units consist of both fiction and non-fiction models, which develop from simple stories and reports to formal essays and critiques. One of the critical elements in the process is developing the aptitude, and in fact the habit, of asking questions about what has been read. This process begins in Unit 3, when the student must read a story, and ask questions about it: who is in the story;  when and where is it happening;  what is the problem or conflict;  what do the characters think, say, and do;  and of course, how is the problem solved and why did the author write it, or what moral or message is it conveying?  This is the Story Sequence Chart, which works for most short fiction stories, but it leads toward something much more important. In Unit 5, Writing from Pictures, we have a similar task, only no story with words. There are pictures, and we must ask questions about the pictures in order to facilitate the thinking that will allow us to come up with ideas to describe the events in the picture and create an outline. Unlike the Story Sequence Chart, where we are looking for characters and  setting, conflict  and resolution, the Unit 5  model can more accurately be labeled as "event description." What do you see in the picture, and why is it happening?  What happened just before the picture?  What are the individuals in the picture thinking or feeling? What might happen after this picture? These Unit 5  questions are a natural extension of Unit 3  and a perfect bridge to Unit 7, Inventive Writing. When we face Unit 7, we are facing "the blank page"—no source of ideas other than what is in our brain. To extract information out of our brain, we must have the habit of asking ourselves  questions. Any old topic (my summer vacation, my Grandma, my hobby, etc.) must be approached in the same manner—by asking questions, only this time it can be harder for the child, since there is no story or picture to start with. Thus we see that this process of asking questions, hearing the answer in your mind, and taking a key word outline from your own thoughts is essential to creating an  independent, analytical writer. This comes to its fulfillment in Unit 8, the Formal Essay, when we are asking children to collect and organize facts  and then, in the conclusion, to comment on those facts. What is the significance of this information? Who can use it?  Why is it important? How does it affect our life or our understanding of life? These questions represent the higher level of analytical thinking necessary for advanced essay composition. Therefore it becomes very clear to the experienced teacher, that the habit of asking questions, hearing the answer and putting that answer into words (key words at first and full sentences and paragraphs after that) is indeed the essence of the purpose of writing. See a problem, ask questions, and give answers, with structure and style. Although it is tempting to question the validity or importance of the fiction or creative units (Units 3, 5,  and 7), we must not bypass them, since they actually prepare a child for the thinking skills he or she must have for the real world of composition in high school or college. I myself used to think that story writing was pretty much a waste of time, but now I see it as an important and natural bridge for children to cross as they move toward the ability to make dynamic observations and create sophisticated, enlightening commentary on the problems and situations in the world. The most common problem I see with parents attempting to use or teach the Unit 3  Story Sequence model, is the desire to do it "just right" or to use the questions in a "legalistic" way. "But this story doesn't fit the chart...." OK. So what? The goal of the Story Sequence Chart and of the questions allocated for each paragraph is to assist the student in completing the outline; but if an idea doesn't work, don't use it! Change it if necessary. Basically, if you can get an outline of three  paragraphs with  3–5  lines and  3–4 words per line, you'll be fine. How you get those words may vary. The questions are there to help, but if they don't work for you, scrap them. Do something else, but please don't skip Unit 3  unless the effort at doing it totally kills your desire to continue through the syllabus. For those who aren't quite sure how to teach it, relax. Use the stories in the workbook: "Fox and  Grapes," "Bat and  Nightingale," "King's Feast," "Lion and Shepherd,"  and "Emperor's New Clothes." Those are tried and true stories, and anyone should be able to make those work. After a few tries with something familiar, you should then be brave enough to try a new story yourself. And don't discount the genius of the children. They will very often have ideas even when you don't.